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Language name:	adz
Alternate name:
Classification:
Audio resources	Kaiapit district, Markham Valley, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
Source:	Holzknecht, K. G. 1973. The phonemes of the Adzera language. Pacific Linguistics, Series A, 38: 1-11. Holzknecht, K. G. 1973. Morphophonemics of the Adzera Language". In Holzknecht, K. and Phillips, D. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 17. Pacific Linguistics A-38. The Australian National University, Canberra: 13-20. Holzknecht, Suzanne. 1986. A morphology and grammar of Adzera (Amari dialect, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics A-70. The Australian National University, Canberra. Holzknecht, S. E. 1989. The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics C-115. The Australian National University, Canberra. DOI:10.15144/PL-C115 [Howard, David] 2003. Organised Phonology Data: Adzera. SIL Papua New Guinea. Available at http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/0000026/adzera_opd.pdf?NREUM=s%3D1362569039083%26r%3D195700%26p%3D81122
Coordinates:	Latitude:Longitude: Area:
Location:	Kaiapit district, Markham Valley, Morobe Province, PNG
	Last change:

Count Information

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Inventories

inventory

Vowels			front	central	back
Vowels			unrounded	unrounded	rounded
high			i		u
low				a

Diphthongs hide

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Diphthongs	count	rounding	fronting	backing	rising
au	1	X		X	X
ai	1		X		X

Consonants hide

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Consonants									bilabial		lab-den	alv	palatal	velar	glottal
										velar
pulm	stop					-vless			p			t		k	ʔ
						-ved			b			d		ɡ
		Prenaz.				-vless			mp			nt		ŋk
	aff			sib		-vless						ts
				sib		-ved						dz
		Prenaz.		sib		-vless						nts
	fric					-vless					f				h
	fric			sib		-vless						s
	nasal					-ved			m			n		ŋ
	nasal					lary-ed	-ved							ŋ̰
	tap/flap					-ved						ɾ
	appr					-ved				w			j

Comments

complement

Consonant notes :	Holzknecht (1973) and Howard (2003) place coronals in an 'alveolar' column. Holzknecht (1986) treats voiceless stops as aspirated but recordings do not confirm this. Howard (2003) could find no examples of /ndz/ as part of the inventory as proposed in Holzknecht (1986). All sources include a segment written as [ŋʔ] or similar and described as either a "prenasalized glottal stop" (Holzknecht 1986: 88) or "a voiced velar nasal plus glottal stop" (Holzknecht 1973: 5), which does not occur initially. Since a glottal stop cannot be preceded by a homorganic nasal, the first description cannot be appropriate. Since no other clusters occur in coda, it is probably not a cluster. It is here interpreted as a laryngealized nasal. /h/ only occurs in /hai/ "yes".
Vowel notes :	Holzknecht (1986) and Howard (2003) suggest only 3 contrastive vowel qualities and bisyllabic V.V sequences, but that /ai, au/ form unitary diphthongs. Holzknecht (1989: 52) indicates that merger of /o, u/ is a feature of certain dialects. Holzknecht (1973) had shown /i, a, o , u/. Howard (2003) reports a length distinction but Holzknecht (1986: 84) suggests only allophonic lengthening in word-final position.
Stresscat:
Stress :	"Stress in Amari is not phonemic . In general, the first syllable of a two syllable word is stressed , and in words of more than two syllables, the first syllable is stressed, and then every alternate syllable is stressed. Slightly heavier stress falls on the first syllable ." (Holzknecht 1986: 94).
Syllcat:		Syllabic index :	ONC :
Syllabic index Numeric values are given for the maximal degree of elaboration of the Onset, Nucleus and Coda elements separately, and these are summed to give an overall Syllable Index. Onset value are 0 for maximal one-consonant onset (since CV syllable is taken to be universal), 1 for common CC onsets (such as CG, CL), 2 for less common 2-consonant onsets, and 3 for maximally 3 or more consonants in onset. Nucleus scores are 1 for single-mora nuclei as the maximum, and 2 for bimoraic (or longer) nuclei. Coda scores are 1 for maximally a single consonant, 2 for two consonants and 3 for 3 or more consonants permitted in coda. The summed Syllable Index thus ranges from 1 for a languages such as Yoruba with maximal CV syllables to 8 for a language such as English which permits elaborate onset and coda clusters.
Canonical Form :	(C)(C)V(C)	Syllabic Restriction :	(C)(*)V(C)
Syllabic notes :	(C)(ɾ)V(C) according to data in Howard (2003).
Tonecat:
Tone :	None

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