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Language name:	cup
Alternate name:
Classification:
Audio resources	Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley: http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/19695 (available by request only)
Source:	Hill, Jane H. 2005. A Grammar of Cupeño. University of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. Available at https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mz6t67j Munro, Pamela. 1990. Stress and vowel length in Cupan absolute nouns. International Journal of American Linguistics 56: 217–250. Hill, Jane H. & Kenneth C. Hill. 1968. Stress in the Cupan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 34: 233–241.
Coordinates:	Latitude:Longitude: Area:
Location:	Formerly spoken in three villages: Cupa (= Kupa, or Warner’s Hot Springs), Wilaqalpa, and Pauluqla in northeastern San Diego County, southern California, USA.
	Last change:

Count Information

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Inventories

inventory

Vowels			front		central		back
			unrounded		unrounded		rounded
				long		long		long
high			i	iː			u	uː
higher mid					ə	əː
lower mid			ɛ	ɛː
low					a	aː

Consonants hide

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Consonants									bilabial		alv	pal-alv	retroflex	palatal	velar		uvular		glottal
										velar						labialized		labialized
pulm	stop					-vless			p		t				k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	aff			sib		-vless						t̠ʃ
	fric					-vless									x	xʷ			h
						-ved			β						ɣ
				sib		-vless					s		ʂ
	nasal					-ved			m		n			ɲ	ŋ
	tap/flap					-ved							ɽ
	appr					-ved				w				j
	appr	lat				-ved					l			ʎ

Comments

complement

Consonant notes :	Hill (2005: 12-15) distinguishes "blade alveolar" /t, s, n l/ from two "apico-alveolar" segments, transcribed [ʂ, ɾ], here taken to be retroflex. She reports that /kʷ/ "appears as [qʷ] before unstressed non-high vowels" and /tʃ/ is simplified to [ʃ] in coda. Voiced fricatives /β, ɣ/ and /ɽ/ are very rare in native vocabulary but occur in Spanish loans, which also include instances of [f, ð].
Vowel notes :	"Long vowels appear only in stressed syllables and always exhibit fully realized vowel qualities, without any centralization or lowering." (Hill 2005: 19), whereas short vowels are often substantially reduced in quality with both /a/ often realized as [ə] in unstressed syllables. /ɛ(ː)/ only occurs in a small number of native words, but is found in Spanish loans.
Stresscat:
Stress :	"The majority of Cupeño words exhibit primary stress on the first syllable of the root." (Hill 2005: 23), however there are exceptions to this pattern, including some roots that are stressless, normally occurring with a stressed affix, but bearing stress when affixedless. Munro (1990) describes stress as lexical, but notes that it is historically derived from a predictable placement.
Syllcat:		Syllabic index :	ONC :
Syllabic index Numeric values are given for the maximal degree of elaboration of the Onset, Nucleus and Coda elements separately, and these are summed to give an overall Syllable Index. Onset value are 0 for maximal one-consonant onset (since CV syllable is taken to be universal), 1 for common CC onsets (such as CG, CL), 2 for less common 2-consonant onsets, and 3 for maximally 3 or more consonants in onset. Nucleus scores are 1 for single-mora nuclei as the maximum, and 2 for bimoraic (or longer) nuclei. Coda scores are 1 for maximally a single consonant, 2 for two consonants and 3 for 3 or more consonants permitted in coda. The summed Syllable Index thus ranges from 1 for a languages such as Yoruba with maximal CV syllables to 8 for a language such as English which permits elaborate onset and coda clusters.
Canonical Form :	CV(ː)C)	Syllabic Restriction :	CV(ː)C)
Syllabic notes :	CV(ː)C). Hill (2005: 20-21) writes "All syllables in Cupeño exhibit onsets. Syllable onsets always consist of a single consonant. There are no syllable-initial consonant clusters in native vocabulary (but cf. initial consonant clusters with the “foreign” sound r in loanwords such as traapu ‘cloth’, from Spanish trapo, and kriitu ‘streetcar’, possibly from English streetcar)". Hill identifies two words with the coda cluster /-wʔ/ before onset /n-/: /'hewʔnin/ ‘carry in hand’ and /tewʔ'naːn/ ‘to plant’; these appear to contain the causative suffix /-nin/ which requires an epenthetic glottal stop after vowel-final bases. In view of this pattern, an elided vowel might be posited in these two words.
Tonecat:
Tone :	None

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